甘肃省庆阳市人民政府


庆阳市人民政府令

第6号


　　《庆阳市地下水管理办法》已经2012年10月17日庆阳市人民政府三届第14次常务会议通过，现予公布，自公布之日起施行。
　　

市 长 栾克军
2012年11月14日


庆阳市地下水管理办法
　　

第一章 总 则


　　第一条 为了加强地下水资源管理，促进地下水资源合理开发利用，根据《中华人民共和国水法》、《取水许可和水资源费征收管理条例》、《甘肃省实施<水法>办法》和《甘肃省取水许可和水资源费征收管理办法》，制定本办法。
　　第二条 本办法所称地下水包括浅层地下水和深层地下水（含地热水和矿泉水）。
　　在本市行政区域内从事开发、利用、节约和保护地下水资源等相关活动，适用本办法。
　　第三条 开发、利用、节约和保护地下水资源应当坚持全面规划、统筹利用、节约为本、保护优先的原则，发挥地下水资源的综合效益。
　　第四条 市水务局负责全市地下水资源的统一管理和监督工作。
　　县（区）水行政主管部门负责本行政区域内地下水资源的管理工作。
　　第五条 任何单位和个人都有节约和保护地下水资源的义务，对无序开采、浪费及污染地下水资源的行为，有权予以监督和举报。
　　对在开发、利用、节约、保护和管理地下水资源方面做出突出贡献的单位和个人，由市、县（区）人民政府给予表彰奖励。

第二章 开发与利用

　　第六条 开发与利用地下水资源应当坚持采补平衡、防止污染、合理开采浅层地下水、严格控制开采深层地下水的原则。
　　第七条 市、县（区）人民政府编制国民经济和社会发展规划、城镇总体规划以及重大生产建设项目布局等，应当与本区域地下水资源条件相适应，严格控制大量取用地下水的建设项目。
　　第八条 开采地下水实行总量控制，市、县（区）水行政主管部门根据地下水资源评价确定地下水资源年度可开采总量，向取水单位或个人下达取水计划，并监督检查年度取水计划的执行情况。
　　县区遭遇特大干旱等特殊情况，需要调整年度取水总量的，由县（区）人民政府提出申请，报市人民政府批准后实施。
　　第九条 市、县（区）水行政主管部门对地下水超采区应当严格控制地下水开采指标，逐步削减开采量直至采补平衡。
　　第十条 在地下水超采区以外的区域，有下列情形之一的，水行政主管部门不得批准新增地下水取水指标或者新建地下水取水工程：
　　（一）公共供水管网覆盖范围内供水能力能够满足需要的；
　　（二）可以利用地表水供水的；
　　（三）没有防止地下水资源污染措施和设施的。

第三章 节约与保护

　　第十一条 新建、改建、扩建项目,建设单位申请取用地下水的，应当附节水设施设计方案。节水设施应当与主体工程同时设计、同时施工、同时投入使用。节水设施竣工后，经验收合格，方可取水。
　　已建项目未配套建设节水措施的，应当限期按规定进行节水设施的配套建设。
　　第十二条 取水单位或个人应加强用水管理，减少漏损。年取用地下水资源量在50000立方米以上的取水单位应每2年至少开展一次水平衡测试，并及时将水平衡测试结果报送市水行政主管部门。
　　第十三条 地下水应当分层开采，禁止潜水和承压水以及各层承压水之间混合开采。
　　第十四条 建设地下工程设施，应当采取防护性措施，防止地下水污染。
　　造成地下水含水层串通，以及因疏干排水导致地下水水位下降、水源枯竭或者地面塌陷的，有关责任单位或者个人应当采取补救措施，对他人生活和生产造成损失的，依法给予补偿。
　　第十五条 禁止利用废井、废坑、裂隙等向地下排放废水、污水，倾倒垃圾及其他有毒、有害污染物，用污水进行回灌。
　　报废或者施工未成的深井，深井所属单位、个人或施工单位应当按照规定采取封填措施，防止地下水污染，并及时向水行政主管部门报告。
　　第十六条 市、县（区）水行政主管部门应当配合同级环保部门划定地下水源地保护区范围。在保护区范围内，禁止下列行为：
　　（一）设置渗水厕所、渗水坑、粪坑、垃圾场；
　　（二）堆放、填埋垃圾和有毒有害物质；
　　（三）排放工业废水和生活污水；
　　（四）有可能造成地下水资源污染的其他行为。
　　第十七条 市、县（区）水行政主管部门应会同有关部门建立地下水水位、水质、地面沉降监测网络，对本级行政区域内的地下水资源实行动态监测。

第四章 取水管理

　　第十八条 直接取用地下水的单位或个人，应当向水行政主管部门提出取水许可申请，并附具建设项目地下水资源论证报告书，获得批准后方可按照取水许可的规定取水。法律、法规规定不需要办理取水许可和免予取水许可的除外。
　　当申请的许可事项与第三人有利害关系的，必须出具第三人的承诺书或其他文件。
　　第十九条 水行政主管部门应在收到地下水取水申请后5个工作日内，对取水申请材料进行审查。
　　不符合取水许可申请条件的，水行政主管部门应书面说明理由。
　　取水申请材料不齐全或材料不符合规定的，水行政主管部门应书面通知取水申请人补充或修改材料。
　　第二十条 凿井施工单位，必须持有国家认可的凿井施工资质证书和从业人员资格证书，到市水行政主管部门办理登记备案手续，方可在行政区域内承接与其施工资质等级相符的凿井施工业务。未办理登记备案手续的，不得从事凿井施工业务。
　　第二十一条 取水单位或个人与凿井施工单位签订施工合同后，凿井施工单位必须向取水许可审批机关提交凿井施工方案和开工申请。
　　施工单位应严格按设计方案施工,保证施工质量。施工单位若发现地质、环境不宜凿井的，应立即停止施工,及时向取水许可审批机关报告，另行处理。
　　第二十二条 对未经批准私自开凿的机井，不分配取水指标。
　　第二十三条 凿井工程完成后，取水单位或个人应向所在县（区）水行政主管部门提交成井报告，水行政主管部门会同有关部门对凿井工程进行验收，经验收合格方可投入使用。
　　第二十四条 地下水取水设施应安装和使用合格的地下水计量设施。新凿机井应同步安装智能水表，已安装普通水表的机井，应更换智能水表。取水单位或个人应保证计量设施完好，不得损坏或者擅自更改。
　　第二十五条 市、县（区）水行政主管部门应加强对地下取水机井的管理，每眼机井应当安装智能水表，实行智能卡管理，建立机井档案，完善运行管理纪录，定期进行检查。
　　第二十六条 取水单位应有专人负责机井管理和节约用水工作，如实纪录地下水取水台账，并按规定报送取水许可审批机关。
　　第二十七条 取用地下水的单位或个人，应依照水资源费征收管理的相关规定和标准，按时足额缴纳地下水资源费。
　　第二十八条 取水单位或个人超量取水的，由水行政主管部门依照水资源费征收管理的相关规定和标准，累进加价征收水资源费。

第五章 监督检查

　　第二十九条 市、县（区）水行政主管部门应当加强对地下水资源开发、利用、节约和保护工作的监督检查。
　　第三十条 水行政主管部门进行监督检查时，可以采取下列措施：
　　（一）要求被检查单位或个人提供有关文件、证照、资料；
　　（二）要求被检查单位或个人就执行法律、法规和规章的有关问题做出说明；
　　（三）进入生产、经营或者取水场所进行检查；
　　（四）责令被检查单位或个人停止违法的行为，履行法定义务；
　　监督检查人员在进行监督检查时，应当出示行政执法证件。有关单位或个人对监督检查工作应当予以配合，不得拒绝或者阻碍监督检查人员依法执行公务。

第六章 法律责任

　　第三十一条 水行政主管部门及其工作人员在地下水管理工作中有滥用职权、玩忽职守等行为的，依法给予行政处分；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
　　第三十二条 有下列行为之一的，由县级以上水行政主管部门根据《取水许可和水资源费征收管理条例》第五十二条和五十三条的规定，责令停止违法行为，限期改正，并处5000元以上20000元以下罚款；情节严重的，吊销取水许可证：
　　（一）不按照规定报送年度取水情况的；
　　（二）拒绝接受监督检查的；
　　（三）未安装计量设施的。
　　第三十三条 未取得取水申请批准文件擅自建设取水工程或者设施的，由县级以上水行政主管部门根据《取水许可和水资源费征收管理条例》第四十九条的规定，责令停止违法行为，限期补办有关手续；逾期不补办或者补办未被批准的，可以处5万元以下罚款。
　　第三十四条 申请人隐瞒有关情况或者提供虚假材料骗取取水申请批准文件或者取水许可证的，由县级以上水行政主管部门根据《取水许可和水资源费征收管理条例》第五十条的规定，对申请人给予警告，责令其限期补缴应当缴纳的水资源费，处2万元以上10万元以下罚款；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
　　第三十五条 拒不缴纳、拖延缴纳或者拖欠地下水资源费的，由水行政主管部门责令限期缴纳；逾期不缴纳的，从滞纳之日起，每日加收滞纳部分2‰的滞纳金。

第七章 附 则

　　第三十六条 本办法自2012年12月1日起施行，有效期为五年。

　




The National People's Congress


GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's
Congress, promulgated by Order No. 37 of the President of the People's
Republic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)

Contents
Chapter I Basic Principles
Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil
Conduct
Section 2 Guardianship
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm
Households
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social
Organization as Legal Persons
Section 4 Economic Association
Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Section 2 Agency
Chapter V Civil Rights
Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights
Section 2 Creditors' Rights
Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights
Section 4 Personal Rights
Chapter VI Civil Liability
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract
Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of Rights
Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil Liability
Chapter VII Limitation of Action
Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners
Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I Basic Principles
Article 1
This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual
situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil
activities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and
interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil
relations, so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist
modernization.
Article 2
The Civil Law of the People's Republic of China shall adjust property
relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal
status, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and between
citizens and legal persons.
Article 3
Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.
Article 4
In civil activities, the principles of voluntariness, fairness, making
compensation for equal value, honesty and credibility shall be observed.
Article 5
The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall
be protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.
Article 6
Civil activities must be in compliance with the law; where there are no
relevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with state
policies.
Article 7
Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harm
the public interest, undermine state economic plans or disrupt social
economic order.
Article 8
The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activities
within the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated by
law.
The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners
and stateless persons within the People's Republic of China, except as
otherwise stipulated by law.

Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.
Article 9
A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and
shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance with
the law.
Article 10
All citizens are equal as regards their capacity for civil rights.
Article 11
A citizen aged 18 or over shall be an adult. He shall have full capacity
for civil conduct, may independently engage in civil activities and shall
be called a person with full capacity for civil conduct.
A citizen who has reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 and whose
main source of income is his own labour shall be regarded as a person with
full capacity for civil conduct.
Article 12
A minor aged 10 or over shall be a person with limited capacity for civil
conduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his age and
intellect; in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agent
ad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.
A minor under the age of 10 shall be a person having no capacity for civil
conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent ad
litem.
Article 13
A mentally ill person who is unable to account for his own conduct shall
be a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented
in civil activities by his agent ad litem.
A mentally ill person who is unable to fully account for his own conduct
shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engage
in civil activities appropriate to his mental health; in other civil
activities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participate
with the consent of his agent ad litem.
Article 14
The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civil
conduct shall be his agent ad litem.
Article 15
The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence is
registered; if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, his
habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.
Section 2 Guardianship
Article 16
The parents of a minor shall be his guardians.
If the parents of a minor are dead or lack the competence to be his
guardian, a person from the following categories who has the competence to
be a guardian shall act as his guardian:
(1) paternal or maternal grandparent;
(2) elder brother or sister; or
(3) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the units of the
minor's parents or from the neighbourhood or village committee in the
place of the minor's residence. In case of a dispute over guardianship,
the units of the minor's parents or the neighbourhood or village committee
in the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among the
minor's near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to a
lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first two paragraphs of this article
is available to be the guardian, the units of the minor's parents, the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of the minor's residence
or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 17
A person from the following categories shall act as guardian for a
mentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct:
(1) spouse;
(2) parent;
(3) adult child;
(4) any other near relative;
(5) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to which
the mentally ill person belongs or from the neighbourhood or village
committee in the place of his residence. In case of a dispute over
guardianship, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shall
appoint a guardian from among his near relatives. If disagreement over the
appointment leads to a lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first paragraph of this article is
available to be the guardian, the unit to which the mentally ill person
belongs, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his
residence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 18
A guardian shall fulfil his duty of guardianship and protect the person,
property and other lawful rights and interests of his ward. A guardian
shall not handle the property of his ward unless it is in the ward's
interests.
A guardian's rights to fulfil his guardianship in accordance with the law
shall be protected by law.
If a guardian does not fulfil his duties as guardian or infringes upon the
lawful rights and interests of his ward, he shall be held responsible; if
a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate for
such loss. The people's court may disqualify a guardian based on the
application of a concerned party or unit.
Article 19
A person who shares interests with a mental patient may apply to a
people's court for a declaration that the mental patient is a person
without or with limited capacity for civil conduct.
With the recovery of the health of a person who has been declared by a
people's court to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct,
and upon his own application or that of an interested person, the people's
court may declare him to be a person with limited or full capacity for
civil conduct.
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Article 20
If a citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interested
person may apply to a people's court for a declaration of the citizen as
missing.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 21
A missing person's property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse,
parents, adult children or other closely connected relatives or friends.
In case of a dispute over custody, if the persons stipulated above are
unavailable or are incapable of taking such custody, the property shall be
placed in the custody of a person appointed by the people's court. Any
taxes, debts and other unpaid expenses owed by a missing person shall
defrayed by the custodian out of the missing person's property.
Article 22
In the event that a person who has been declared missing reappears or his
whereabouts are ascertained, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
missing-person status.
Article 23
Under either of the following circumstances, an interested person may
apply to the people's court for a declaration of a citizen's death:
(1) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for four years or
(2) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years after the
date of an accident in which he was involved.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 24
In the event that a person who has been declared dead reappears or it is
ascertained that he is alive, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
death.
Any civil juristic acts performed by a person with capacity for civil
conduct during the period in which he has been declared dead shall be
valid.
Article 25
A person shall have the right to request the return of his property, if
the declaration of his death has been revoked. Any citizen or organization
that has obtained such property in accordance with the Law of Succession
shall return the original items or make appropriate compensation if the
original items no longer exist.
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm Households
Article 26
"Individual businesses" refers to business run by individual citizens who
have been lawfully registered and approved to engage in industrial or
commercial operation within the sphere permitted by law. An individual
business may adopt a shop name.
Article 27
"Leaseholding farm households" refers to members of a rural collective
economic organization who engage in commodity production under a contract
and within the spheres permitted by law.
Article 28
The legitimate rights and interests of individual businesses and
leaseholding farm households shall be protected by law.
Article 29
The debts of an individual business or a leaseholding farm household shall
be secured with the individual's property if the business is operated by
an individual and with the family's property if the business is operated
by a family.
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Article 30
"Individual partnership" refers to two or more citizens associated in a
business and working together, with each providing funds, material
objects, techniques and so on according to an agreement.
Article 31
Partners shall make a written agreement covering the funds each is to
provide, the distribution of profits, the responsibility for debts, the
entering into and withdrawal from partnership, the ending of partnership
and other such matters.
Article 32
The property provided by the partners shall be under their unified
management and use. The property accumulated in a partnership operation
shall belong to all the partners.
Article 33
An individual partnership may adopt a shop name; it shall be approved and
registered in accordance with the law and conduct business operations
within the range as approved and registered.
Article 34
The operational activities of an individual partnership shall be decided
jointly by the partners, who each shall have the right to carry out and
supervise those activities. The partners may elect a responsible person.
All partners shall bear civil liability for the operational activities of
the responsible person and other personnel.
Article 35
A partnership's debts shall be secured with the partners' property in
proportion to their respective contributions to the investment or
according to the agreement made. Partners shall undertake joint liability
for their partnership's debts, except as otherwise stipulated by law. Any
partner who overpays his share of the partnership's debts shall have the
right to claim compensation from the other partners.

Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Article 36
A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rights
and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and
assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law.
A legal person's capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct
shall begin when the legal person is established and shall end when the
legal person terminates.
Article 37
A legal person shall have the following qualifications:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
(2) possession of the necessary property or funds;
(3) possession of its own name, organization and premises; and
(4) ability to independently bear civil liability.
Article 38
In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legal
person, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person in
exercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative.
Article 39
A legal person's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative
office is located.
Article 40
When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordance
with the law and discontinue all other activities.
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Article 41
An enterprise owned by the whole people or under collective ownership
shall be qualified as a legal person when it has sufficient funds as
stipulated by the state; has articles of association, an organization and
premises; has the ability to independently bear civil liability; and has
been approved and registered by the competent authority. A Chinese-
foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or
foreign-capital enterprise established within the People's Republic of
China shall be qualified as a legal person in China if it has the
qualifications of a legal person and has been approved and registered by
the administrative agency for industry and commerce in according with the
law.
Article 42
An enterprise as legal person shall conduct operations within the range
approved and registered.
Article 43
An enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability for the
operational activities of its legal representatives and other personnel.
Article 44
If an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged or undergoes any
other important change, it shall register the change with the registration
authority and publicly announce it.
When an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged, its rights and
obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the new legal person that
results from the change.
Article 45
An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following
reasons:
(1) if it is dissolved by law;
(2) if it is disbanded;
(3) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; or
(4) for other reasons.
Article 46
When an enterprise as legal person terminates, it shall cancel its
registration with the registration authority and publicly announce the
termination.
Article 47
When an enterprise as legal person is disbanded, it shall establish a
liquidation organization and go into liquidation. When an enterprise as
legal person is dissolved or is declared bankrupt, the competent authority
or a people's court shall organize the organs and personnel concerned to
establish a liquidation organization to liquidate the enterprise.
Article 48
An enterprise owned by the whole people, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property that the state authorizes it to manage. An
enterprise under collective ownership, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property it owns. A Chinese-foreign equity joint
venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital
enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability with the property it
owns, except as stipulated otherwise by law.
Article 49
Under any of the following circumstances, an enterprise as legal person
shall bear liability, its legal representative may additionally be given
administrative sanctions and fined and, if the offence constitutes a
crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with
the law:
(1) conducting illegal operations beyond the range approved and registered
by the registration authority;
(2) concealing facts from the registration and tax authorities and
practising fraud;
(3) secretly withdrawing funds or hiding property to evade repayment of
debts;
(4) disposing of property without authorization after the enterprise is
dissolved, disbanded or declared bankrupt;
(5) failing to apply for registration and make a public announcement
promptly when the enterprise undergoes a change or terminates, thus
causing interested persons to suffer heavy losses;
(6) engaging in other activities prohibited by law, damaging the interests
of the state or the public interest.
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as Legal
Person
Article 50
An independently funded official organ shall be qualified as a legal
person on the day it is established.
If according to law an institution or social organization having the
qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for
registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on
the day it is established; if according to law it does need to go through
the registration procedures, it shall be qualified as a legal person after
being approved and registered.
Section 4 Economic Association
Article 51
If a new economic entity is formed by enterprises or an enterprise and an
institution that engage in economic association and it independently bears
civil liability and has the qualifications of a legal person, the new
entity shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and
registered by the competent authority.
Article 52
If the enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in
economic association conduct joint operation but do not have the
qualifications of a legal person, each party to the association shall, in
proportion to its respective contribution to the investment or according
to the agreement made, bear civil liability with the property each party
owns or manages. If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement,
the parties shall assume joint liability.
Article 53
If the contract for economic association of enterprises or of an
enterprise and an institution specifies that each party shall conduct
operations independently, it shall stipulate the rights and obligations of
each party, and each party shall bear civil liability separately.

Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Article 54
A civil juristic act shall be the lawful act of a citizen or legal person
to establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations.
Article 55
A civil juristic act shall meet the following requirements:
(1) the actor has relevant capacity for civil conduct;
(2) the intention expressed is genuine; and
(3) the act does not violate the law or the public interest.
Article 56
A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form. If the law
stipulates that a particular form be adopted, such stipulation shall be
observed.
Article 57
A civil juristic act shall be legally binding once it is instituted. The
actor shall not alter or rescind his act except in accordance with the law
or with the other party's consent.
Article 58
Civil acts in the following categories shall be null and void:
(1) those performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct;
(2) those that according to law may not be independently performed by a
person with limited capacity for civil conduct;
(3) those performed by a person against his true intentions as a result of
cheating, coercion or exploitation of his unfavourable position by the
other party;
(4) those that performed through malicious collusion are detrimental to
the interest of the state, a collective or a third party;
(5) those that violate the law or the public interest;
(6) economic contracts that violate the state's mandatory plans; and
(7) those that performed under the guise of legitimate acts conceal
illegitimate purposes. Civil acts that are null and void shall not be
legally binding from the very beginning.
Article 59
A party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration
agency to alter or rescind the following civil acts:
(1) those performed by an actor who seriously misunderstood the contents
of the acts;
(2) those that are obviously unfair.
Rescinded civil acts shall be null and void from the very beginning.
Article 60
If part of a civil act is null and void, it shall not affect the validity
of other parts.
Article 61
After a civil act has been determined to be null and void or has been
rescinded, the party who acquired property as a result of the act shall
return it to the party who suffered a loss. The erring party shall
compensate the other party for the losses it suffered as a result of the
act; if both sides are in error, they shall each bear their proper share
of the responsibility.
If the two sides have conspired maliciously and performed a civil act that
is detrimental to the interests of the state, a collective or a third
party, the property that they thus obtained shall be recovered and turned
over to the state or the collective, or returned to the third party.
Article 62
A civil juristic act may have conditions attached to it. Conditional civil
juristic acts shall take effect when the relevant conditions are met.
Section 2 Agency
Article 63
Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agents
An agent shall perform civil juristic acts in the principal's name within
the scope of the power of agency. The principal shall bear civil liability
for the agent's acts of agency. Civil juristic acts that should be
performed by the principal himself, pursuant to legal provisions or the
agreement between the two parties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.
Article 64
Agency shall include entrusted agency, statutory agency and appointed
agency. An entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency as
entrusted by the principal; a statutory agent shall exercise the power of
agency as prescribed by law; and an appointed agent shall exercise the
power of agency as designated by a people's court or the appointing unit.
Article 65
A civil juristic act may be entrusted to an agent in writing or orally. If
legal provisions require the entrustment to be written, it shall be
effected in writing. Where the entrustment of agency is in writing, the
power of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name, the entrusted
tasks and the scope and duration of the power of agency, and it shall be
signed or sealed by the principal.
If the power of attorney is not clear as to the authority conferred, the
principal shall bear civil liability towards the third party, and the
agent shall be held jointly liable.
Article 66
The principal shall bear civil liability for an act performed by an actor
with no power of agency, beyond the scope of his power of agency or after
his power of agency has expired, only if he recognizes the act
retroactively. If the act is not so recognized, the performer shall bear
civil liability for it. If a principal is aware that a civil act is being
executed in his name but fails to repudiate it, his consent shall be
deemed to have been given.
An agent shall bear civil liability if he fails to perform his duties and
thus causes damage to the principal.
If an agent and a third party in collusion harm the principal's interests,
the agent and the third party shall be held jointly liable.
If a third party is aware that an actor has no power of agency, is
overstepping his power of agency, or his power of agency has expired and
yet joins him in a civil act and thus brings damage to other people, the
third party and the actor shall be held jointly liable.
Article 67
If an agent is aware that the matters entrusted are illegal but still
carries them out, or if a principal is aware that his agent's acts are
illegal but fails to object to them, the principal and the agent shall be
held jointly liable.
Article 68
If in the principal's interests an entrusted agent needs to transfer the

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